This study investigates the hydrodynamic forces and convective heat transfer acting on three-dimensional cylindrical particle arrays with a fixed volume fraction (φ) in a uniform flow using direct numerical simulations. The effects of particle aspect ratio (AR), angle of attack (α), Reynolds number (Re_p), and particle array distribution (FCC, BCC, SCP) on particle’s drag coefficient (C_D), lift coefficient (C_L) and Nusselt number (Nu) are systematically analyzed. The drag, lift coefficients and Nusselt numbers of single particle averaged over α are defined as C_D,`C<sub>L</sub> and`Nu, respectively. The results reveal that C_D increases with an increasing α,`C<sub>D</sub> declines as Re<sub>p</sub> and AR rise;`C_D reaches its maximum under SCP distribution. For C_L, it first rises then falls as α increases,`C<sub>L</sub> shows a negative correlation with Re<sub>p</sub>, and is enhanced as AR increases;`C_L reaches its peak in the SCP distribution. The Nu shows a trend of first increasing then decreasing as α goes up,`Nu increases with the growth of Re<sub>p</sub> and AR;`Nu reaches the corresponding maximum under FCC distribution at high Re_p and under SCP distribution at low Re_p. Eventually, the C_D, C_L and Nu for cylindrical particle arrays were derived, offering correlations for future applications.
 

cylindrical particle arrays, the hydrodynamic forces, the Nusselt numbers